ABSTRACT
Immunology involves all the defence mechanisms occurring in the body after the invasion of any infectious agent and the ability to resist this infection. The micronutrients like essential proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins (A, B6, B12, C, D, E and folic acid), fatty acids, minerals (iron, selenium, zinc and copper) and certain phytochemicals are of prime importance towards healthy immune system. In addition to these nutritional components, intestinal microflora and certain bacteria (probiotic bacteria) also play an important role in the modulation of healthy immune system. There is an ongoing trend of usage of immunomodulators to combat various chronic diseases like viral diseases, cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on various immunomodulators available in daily dietary meals, its positive and negative effects on immune system and its role in management of chronic illness as an adjunct to other modalities to achieve positive health benefits with minimal side effects.
ABSTRACT
Background:In the last decade, the use of lasers (lightamplification by stimulated emission of radiation) has occupied part of the dialogue within periodontology and oral surgery because of several proposed advantages. Laser uses produces less postoperative swelling, reduces inflammation and is also relatively painless. In the arena of periodontology, laser use as an adjunct to non-surgical therapy was demonstrated to enhance periodontal health. The present study was done to highlight these facts and to add over the previous researches. Material And Methods:Atotal of 50 patients with generalized chronic moderate to severe periodontitis with pocket probing depth (PD) ?5 mm were selected for a split-mouth study. Flap surgery with adjunctive diode laser irradiation was performed in the test quadrant while routine OFD was done in the control quadrant. Clinical parameters including PD, plaque index, and gingival index were recorded at baseline, 3 months and 6 months following treatment. Result:All clinical parameters significantly improved after therapy without any statistically significant difference between the two groups for any of the parameters. The results of the present study indicate that diode laser used as an adjunct to in OFD did not significantly e nhance the treatment outcome. Conclusion: Sincethere was a significant clinical improvement in case of gingival inflammation, it can be safely and effectively used to achieve the same and can aid in tissue healing.
ABSTRACT
Background:Bleeding per vaginum in the first trimester is a common obstetric situation ranging from an insignificant episode to life threatening emergency. The major causes are abortion, ectopic, and molar pregnancy. Ultrasonography is playing an increasing role in the management of such patients. The aim of this study was to determine the role of first trimester bleeding on obstetrical ultrasound.Material And Methods:This was a retrospective observational study done at urban health care Hospital Ahemdabad, a tertiary care teaching hospital. All obstetric cases with a history of bleeding per vaginum in the first trimester of pregnancy between July2019 and December2019 were included. A complete general physical and pelvic examination was done to arrive at a clinical diagnosis. Patients were then subjected to ultrasound examination. Clinical diagnosis and ultrasound diagnosis were correlated.Result:150 of all 2000 obstetric cases had the first trimester bleeding (incidence of 7.5%). Commonest causes were abortion (78.66%), ectopic (6%), and molar pregnancy (2%). Of 150 cases, 106 cases were correctly identified by ultrasonography. 44 cases proved by sonography were misdiagnosed by clinical examination with a disparity of 52.38%. In this study, 56% pregnancies were clinically diagnosed as viable, but only 34% pregnancies were viable.Conclusion:When the first trimester of pregnancy is complicated by vaginalbleeding, the history and clinical findings are often misleading and if relied upon can only lead to a delay in diagnosis and management.This study reinforces that USG is important to establish a definitive diagnosis, differential diagnosis and subsequent management.